Understand. Experiment. Build.

Voltage provides the driving potential; current is the movement of charge. The connected load completes the picture of a circuit.

Voltage can change polarity. Frequency, amplitude and phase describe three different aspects of that change.

Identical components can form very different loads. What matters is how their terminals connect.

A resistor limits current, divides voltage and turns electrical energy into heat. Its resistance tells only half the story.

Three terminals turn a resistor into an adjustable voltage divider. The connected circuit always influences the result.

A capacitor opposes a rapid voltage change. An inductor opposes a rapid current change.

A diode favours one current direction. It is not a perfect one-way street.

An LED makes current visible. For a long working life, that current must suit the LED.

A small base current can control a larger collector current. Amplifiers and switches use different operating regions.

The gate controls the current path. “Logic-level” and “low threshold voltage” are not the same promise.

A transformer changes AC voltage using a shared magnetic field. Higher voltage does not create extra power.

Feedback turns enormous internal gain into a predictable amplifier. Its supply still sets limits.

Three experiments: charge, AC behaviour and the high-pass filter.

A filter is a frequency-dependent voltage divider. Which component you take the output across changes its role.

An inductor and capacitor can exchange energy. Resistance helps determine how pronounced resonance becomes.

A sensitive tweeter does not have to remain louder than the woofer. Two resistors can reduce its level deliberately.

An RC network can compensate the inductive impedance rise of a simple speaker model. It is not an automatic sound upgrade.

Resonance can attenuate a selected frequency region. The network’s position in the circuit determines the effect.

A power supply must do more than display the right number at no load. It must maintain voltage while the load changes.

A microcontroller does not see analogue voltage continuously. Its ADC maps it to a finite set of codes.

A measurement only answers questions its setup can support. Room, windowing and reference quantities belong with the curve.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.

Detailed article with a new interactive experiment and workshop takeaway.